Caracas, Venezuela. Abril 2021.- Como problema de salud pública urge realizar programas de despistaje a la población asintomática, para disminuir la incidencia y mortalidad del cáncer de colon y recto, según afirmación del presidente de la Sociedad Anticancerosa de Venezuela (SAV) doctor Cono Gumina, quien además es especialista en gastroenterología del Grupo Médico Santa Paula (GMSP).
Estadísticas mundiales de mortalidad e incidencia sobre cáncer publicadas en el año 2020 señalan que el cáncer de colon ocupó el segundo lugar en mortalidad, y el tercer lugar en cuanto al número de nuevos casos registrados. Lamentablemente, la tardanza y falta de acceso a diagnósticos y tratamientos oportunos son factores que afectan tanto la incidencia como la mortalidad, según expone el experto.
Advierte que, en países como Estados Unidos, Alemania y Japón, la mortalidad se redujo, aunque la incidencia aumentó, y la razón es que ellos disponen de programas de pesquisas que permiten controlar la incidencia tanto con prevención primaria como secundaria y por ende la mortalidad. En ello radica la importancia de contar con Unidades de Gastroenterología como las del GMSP que cuenta con un equipo de precisión y confiabilidad de última generación en el que pueden realizarse desde los estudios más simples como gastroscopia y colonoscopia hasta los más avanzados como marcajes tumorales y enteroscopia.
“Si vemos las estadísticas en Venezuela en el año 2019, hubo 28 mil muertes por cáncer y 64 mil nuevos casos. Y cuando observamos el cáncer de colon y recto, la tasa de incidencia fue de 12 casos por cada 100 mil habitantes, y fallecieron 6 por cada 100 mil personas. Son cifras intermedias que registran un discreto aumento”.
Factores de riesgo del cáncer de colon
Para el gastroenterólogo de la clínica GMSP, ubicada en pleno centro de la Urbanización Santa Paula en Caracas, es importante considerar los factores de riesgo, muchos de los cuales pueden modificarse.
“Existen acciones denominadas de prevención primaria que buscan modificar nuestros hábitos alimenticios, evitar el sedentarismo, la ingesta de carnes procesadas, las grasas de animales, bajar el consumo de azúcar y las harinas como el trigo. Buscamos entonces consumir más vegetales verdes, frutas, pescados y si hacemos ejercicio y evitamos el sobre peso, estaremos protegiéndonos y evitando alteraciones en el ADN de nuestras células, pues su mutación es lo que origina el cáncer al crear lesiones pre malignas que no se atacan a tiempo y pueden ser mortales.”
Importancia del equipamiento para el diagnóstico
Detalló que, en el caso de las acciones de prevención secundaria que se hacen en todo el mundo, procuran el despistaje de cáncer de colon a través de una colonoscopia a hombres y mujeres asintomáticos a partir de los 45 años.
En la actualidad, el GMSP posee una de las más poderosas unidades de gastroenterologías del país, dotada de un espacio diseñado para tal fin y con un equipamiento de punta de primera línea, con altísima resolución y definición en cada imagen, incluso superior al promedio de los que existen en el mercado, lo que permite a los especialistas que cada estudio de certeza de claridad en los diagnósticos.
“En el GMSP contamos con la disponibilidad de equipos e insumos para el diagnóstico precoz de cirugía y adyuvancia”, precisó el experto. En la Unidad de Gastroenterología ubicada en el piso 1 de la Torre de Consultorios, la clínica cuenta con tres funcionales salas de recuperación equipadas para el paciente, una vez que se ha realizado los estudios y, además, cercana a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, para una respuesta rápida y eficaz a la hora de alguna emergencia médica.
Tratamientos del cáncer de colon
Gumina precisó que el cáncer de colon comienza con una lesión pre maligna (pólipo) que puede ser detectada y retirada en su estadio inicial con la colonoscopia y así evitan que la lesión se convierta en cáncer.
El diagnóstico y tratamiento del cáncer de colon varía según el estadio, tal como lo explica. “Cuando está en el estadio A está localizado y podemos tratarlo con colonoscopia terapéuticas o con cirugía. El 90% de los casos sobreviven a 5 años. En el estadio B, si aún no ha tomado los ganglios, se trata con método quirúrgico y hay una probabilidad del 70% de superarlo. En el estadio C, debe tratarse con cirugía y además quimio o radioterapia según el paciente. Sobreviven el 55% de los casos. Y en el estadio D, sólo sobrevive el 8%, 5 años.”
Gumina alerta que, en caso de personas cuyos padres hayan fallecido por este tipo de cáncer deben realizarse colonoscopia a partir de los 12 años, pues un 4% de los casos es hereditario y de allí la importancia de la pesquisa de diagnóstico, especialmente en los asintomáticos.
Culmina destacando que cuando una persona presenta pérdida de peso, falta de apetito, anemia, dolor de abdomen, sangrado, masa palpable, diarrea o estreñimiento, está registrando ya los síntomas del cáncer de colon y debe acudir inmediatamente al especialista.
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