Por: Josep Borrell
Alto representante para Asuntos Exteriores y Política de Seguridad de la Unión Europea,
Vicepresidente de la Comisión Europea.
A finales de mayo de 2021, tan solo el 2,1 % de los africanos ha recibido al menos una dosis de la vacuna contra la COVID-19. Debemos cerrar la brecha de vacunación entre las economías avanzadas y los países en desarrollo para evitar lo que Tedros Ghebreyesus, Director General de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), ha denominado «el apartheid de la vacunación». Es lo moralmente correcto, y además redunda en el interés de todos.
Para ello, es necesaria una actuación mundial multilateral que aumente la producción de vacunas y acelere su distribución en todo el mundo. Desde el inicio de la pandemia, este ha sido el objetivo elegido por la UE. Se trata, igualmente, del reciente objetivo que se han fijado los dirigentes del G20 en la Cumbre Mundial de la Salud celebrada en Roma, el 21 de mayo.
La pandemia sigue matando a miles de personas cada día, y al ritmo actual, no se habrá vacunado al mundo entero antes de 2023. La única manera de poner fin a la pandemia es vacunando a una gran parte de la población mundial; en caso contrario, la multiplicación de variantes probablemente mermará la eficacia de las vacunas existentes.
La vacunación también es un requisito previo para levantar las restricciones que están atenazando nuestras economías y libertades. Estas restricciones suponen una carga para el mundo entero, pero son aún más acuciantes para los países en desarrollo que no disponen de los mecanismos sociales y medidas económicas de los países avanzados para limitar las consecuencias de la pandemia sobre su ciudadanía.
Si la brecha de vacunación perdura, corremos el riesgo de revertir la tendencia de las últimas décadas de reducción de la pobreza y de las desigualdades globales. Esta dinámica negativa frenaría la actividad económica e intensificaría las tensiones geopolíticas. El coste de la inacción sería sin duda mucho mayor para las economías avanzadas de lo que tendríamos que gastar entre todos para ayudar a vacunar al mundo entero. Por ello, la UE acoge favorablemente el plan de 50 000 millones de dólares propuesto por el Fondo Monetario Internacional para vacunar al 40 % de la población mundial en 2021, y al 60 % a más tardar a mediados de 2022.
Para lograr este objetivo, necesitamos una estrecha coordinación de la acción multilateral. Debemos resistir las amenazas que plantean la «diplomacia de las vacunas», que supedita el envío de vacunas a los objetivos políticos, así como el «nacionalismo de las vacunas», que consiste en reservar las vacunas para uno mismo. A diferencia de otros actores, la UE ha rechazado ambos enfoques desde el inicio de la pandemia. Hasta ahora, somos el único actor mundial que está vacunando a su propia población al mismo tiempo que exportamos un gran número de vacunas y contribuimos de forma sustancial a su distribución en los países de renta baja. Los europeos podemos sentirnos orgullosos de este logro.
En 2020, la UE apoyó la investigación en materia de vacunas y el desarrollo de estas a gran escala, contribuyendo notablemente a la nueva generación de vacunas de ARNm. La UE se convirtió posteriormente en uno de los principales productores de vacunas contra la COVID-19 al producir, según la OMS, alrededor de un 40 % de las vacunas administradas hasta el momento en todo el mundo. La UE también ha exportado 240 millones de dosis a 90 países, aproximadamente la misma cantidad que hemos usado dentro de la UE.
Asimismo, la UE, sus Estados miembros y sus instituciones financieras – lo que denominamos el «Equipo Europa» – ha donado vacunas a sus países vecinos con más necesidades, especialmente en los Balcanes Occidentales. El objetivo es donar al menos 100 millones de dosis adicionales a países de renta baja y media antes de finales de 2021, tal como se acordó en el último Consejo Europeo. La aportación de 2 800 millones de euros realizada por el Equipo Europa es la mayor contribución que ha recibido el Mecanismo COVAX, que permite el acceso a las vacunas a los países más pobres. Alrededor de una tercera parte de todas las dosis distribuidas por el Mecanismo COVAX hasta el momento ha sido financiada por la UE. Sin embargo, este esfuerzo es todavía insuficiente.
Para cerrar la brecha de vacunación, los países que disponen de los conocimientos y medios necesarios deben aumentar sus capacidades de producción para vacunar a sus propias poblaciones y exportar más vacunas, tal y como hace la UE. Junto a los productores de vacunas, estamos trabajando para aumentar la capacidad de producción de vacunas de la UE a más de 3 000 millones de dosis anuales hasta finales de año. Además, nuestros socios industriales europeos se han comprometido a distribuir antes de finales de año 1 300 millones de dosis a precio de coste para países de renta baja, y a precios reducidos para países de renta media. También se han comprometido a distribuir otros 1 300 millones de dosis en 2022, muchas de ellas a través del Mecanismos COVAX.
Todos los países deben evitar medidas restrictivas que repercutan sobre las cadenas de suministro. Asimismo, hay que facilitar la transferencia de conocimientos y tecnología para que un mayor número de países pueda producir vacunas. Desde la UE, estamos incentivando a los productores europeos a ello, especialmente en África.
El pasado 18 de mayo participé en la Cumbre sobre «Financiación de las Economías Africanas» celebrada en París, en la que los dirigentes del continente pusieron de manifiesto que África importa el 99 % de las vacunas. Esto debe cambiar. Para lograrlo, el Equipo Europa ha puesto en marcha una iniciativa con socios africanos a fin de impulsar la capacidad de fabricación de vacunas, medicamentos y tecnologías sanitarias en África. Esta iniciativa está respaldada por una financiación de 1 000 millones de euros procedentes del presupuesto de la UE y de las instituciones financieras de desarrollo europeas.
La concesión de licencias voluntarias es la manera más adecuada para asegurar esta transferencia de tecnología y conocimientos Si esta resultara insuficiente, el Acuerdo vigente sobre los Aspectos de los Derechos de Propiedad Intelectual relacionados con el Comercio y la Declaración de Doha de 2001 contemplan la concesión de licencias obligatorias. Según algunos países, el uso de estas flexibilidades es demasiado difícil y lento por lo que, a fin de agilizar estas transferencias de tecnología, la UE presentará una nueva propuesta en el marco de la OMS a más tardar a principios de junio.
La pandemia de COVID-19 nos ha recordado que la salud es un bien público mundial. Nuestra acción común para cerrar la brecha de vacunación debe ser el primer paso de una verdadera cooperación sanitaria a nivel global, tal y como lo consagra la Declaración de Roma adoptada recientemente en la Cumbre Mundial de la Salud.
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