Tras un año de confinamiento, y de tener a las niñas y niños en casa para protegerles, los países de Centroamérica y la República Dominicana se están preparando para que más estudiantes puedan volver a las escuelas . Ahora conocemos más sobre la pandemia, los sistemas de salud cuentan con mejores capacidades y se han iniciado los procesos de vacunación contra la COVID-19.
Pero ¿qué debemos tomar en cuenta, además de medidas de bioseguridad, para garantizar un regreso seguro a las aulas en Centroamérica y República Dominicana? Sobre todo, ¿cómo recuperarnos de los impactos negativos de la pandemia y del rezago que supuso para el aprendizaje el reto de adaptar la educación a modalidades remotas?
Centroamérica y la República Dominicana, como el resto el mundo, han sufrido por la pandemia una crisis social y económica de una magnitud sin precedentes en los últimos 100 años. En educación, los países tomaron medidas acertadas y rápidas, como el cierre de escuelas. A la vez, aseguraron la continuidad de apoyo a través de comidas escolares para los estudiantes más vulnerables, el uso de plataformas remotas, como televisión, radio y/o internet, la adaptación de contenidos curriculares y la distribución de libros y materiales didácticos a los hogares.
Sin embargo, no hay que olvidar que Centroamérica y la República Dominicana, como el resto de Latinoamérica, entraron a la pandemia en una situación lejana a la ideal.
Afrontar el rezago escolar durante la pandemia
La región ya vivía una grave crisis silenciosa, la crisis del aprendizaje, en la que hasta ocho de cada diez estudiantes con edad de terminar la educación primaria no podían leer fluidamente un texto simple y adecuado a su edad. Para mala fortuna, la pandemia vino a profundizar el rezago escolar de muchos alumnos y a agudizar las brechas de aprendizaje.
Por las limitaciones impuestas por la pandemia, ha sido más complicado llegar a los estudiantes más vulnerables o los que viven en zonas remotas. En Panamá, por ejemplo, solo un 19 % de los estudiantes en hogares con los ingresos más bajos tiene acceso a internet en casa. Para las familias en vulnerabilidad ha sido difícil además acompañar académicamente a sus hijas e hijos.
El regreso a las aulas y a las clases presenciales o híbridas (presenciales y virtuales) puede ser una gran oportunidad para que Centroamérica y la República Dominicana se enfoquen en acelerar significativamente los ritmos de aprendizaje. Pero hay varios retos clave por atender:
- La seguridad sanitaria en las escuelas: lo ideal es que las escuelas de la región tengan capacidad de implementar guías para recibir alumnos de una manera segura, con acceso a agua potable, saneamiento básico y una infraestructura resiliente.
- Asegurar que todos los niños y niñas estén efectivamente de regreso: con la pandemia llegó también una de las mayores crisis económicas y, con ella, un enorme riesgo de trabajo temprano y deserción escolar. Es urgente abordar y prevenir este problema.
- Invertir en diagnósticos de aprendizaje que ayuden a los docentes a identificar los rezagos reales en el aprendizaje. Un ejemplo es el piloto de tecnología adaptativa en República Dominicana: cada niña y niño es único y debe tener su oportunidad para recuperar su aprendizaje. Esto es posible con acceso a buenos diagnósticos formativos en el salón de clase, bien como un enfoque remedial (pedagógico u otro), para acelerar el ritmo de aprendizaje. Los rezagos en competencias básicas, como matemáticas y lenguaje, deben ser atendidos lo más temprano y sostenible como sea posible.
- Garantizar que cada docente tenga acceso a más formación y medios para hacer su trabajo de una manera cada vez más flexible, digital y respondiendo a los retos de cada estudiante. La tecnología puede, y debe, tener un lugar importante en el apoyo al docente, pero no es todo. Es necesario contar con docentes y directores escolares reconocidos por su comunidad, entusiastas y con una carrera estructurada y a base de méritos.
- Perseverar para que las familias centroamericanas y dominicanas estén más involucradas que antes en el sistema educativo. Esto es algo que se debe incentivar y, para ello, las tecnologías pueden y deben apoyar para construir una alianza fuerte alrededor de la educación.
Los sistemas educativos en Centroamérica y la República Dominicana avanzaron mucho en los últimos años y su atención sobre la importancia de la educación virtual nunca había sido tanta como ahora . Es verdad que todavía hay muchos retos, sobre todo los riesgos de deserción y las brechas en el acceso digital, pero los sistemas se han reinventado con respecto a la entrega educativa y tienen muchas oportunidades para mejorar aún más.
La pandemia, de hecho, aceleró muchos cambios positivos. Ahora hay que aprovechar el momento, para seguir adaptando contenidos hacia a una modernización curricular estructural, que ofrezca una base sólida académica complementada por competencias socioemocionales.
Desde el Banco Mundial seguiremos apoyando a los países de Centroamérica y la Republica Dominicana con asistencia técnica y/o apoyo financiero para facilitar el acceso a datos, programas y tecnología que impulsen a que todos los estudiantes sigan en la escuela. Y también que permitan a cada estudiante reducir sus rezagos de aprendizaje de la manera más eficaz posible. Nuestro objetivo es que cada niña y niño en la región adquiera las competencias para un presente y futuro con prosperidad, con más oportunidades para desarrollar su pleno potencial.
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