Con motivo del 60 aniversario de la muerte del tirano Rafael Leonidas Trujillo Molina, el 30 de mayo de 1961, se ofrecen algunos consejos lingüísticos para una redacción más precisa de las informaciones sobre este importante acontecimiento de la historia de la República Dominicana.
Día de la Libertad, mayúsculas
En conmemoración del ajusticiamiento, el Gobierno dominicano emitió el decreto 335-21 mediante el cual se declara el 30 de mayo de cada año como Día de la Libertad en la República Dominicana. Esta denominación debe escribirse con mayúscula inicial en sus palabras significativas, tal como indica la Ortografía de la lengua española que deben escribirse los sustantivos y adjetivos que forman parte del nombre de festividades, ya sean civiles, militares o religiosas. El empleo de las mayúsculas para delimitar el nombre hace innecesario el uso en estos de casos de resaltes tipográficos como cursivas o comillas.
Trujillismo, trujillista
Los sustantivos que designan doctrinas, movimientos o tendencias políticas o ideológicas son nombres comunes, por lo que deben escribirse con minúscula inicial: balaguerismo, sandinismo, peronismo, castrismo, danilismo, leonelismo… trujillismo.
Cuando a estos sustantivos se les cambia la terminación por el sufijo –ista se forman adjetivos que habitualmente se sustantivan y que se emplean con los significados de ‘partidario de’ o ‘inclinado a’ lo que expresa la misma raíz, que también se escriben en minúscula: balaguerista, sandinista, peronista, castrista, danilista, leonelista… trujillista.
Antitrujillista y antitrujillismo, sin guion ni espacio
El prefijo anti–, que expresa un sentido opuesto a lo que representa la palabra a la que modifica, se escribe por regla general unido a ella sin guion (anti-trujillista) ni espacio (anti trujillismo), a menos que se trate de una palabra con inicial mayúscula, como un nombre propio (anti-Trujillo), o una sigla.
Nombres de las invasiones
En las expresiones que aluden a movimientos armados que en diferentes momentos intentaron derrocar la tiranía llevan mayúscula inicial los nombres de lugares que tuvieron como escenario esos acontecimientos, pero con minúscula palabras como invasión, expedición, gesta, movimiento, etc.: invasión de Luperón, expedición militar de Constanza, Maimón y Estero Hondo, expedición de Cayo Confites.
Nombres de cárceles y centros de torturas
Los nombres de organismos, unidades militares, etc., se escriben con mayúscula inicial en todas las palabras significativas (Partido Dominicano, Fuerzas Armadas, Servicio de Inteligencia Militar), pero no hay razón para emplear mayúsculas en los sustantivos y adjetivos de carácter común que acompañan estos nombres y que funcionan como especificadores: hacienda María, cárcel de La 40, cárcel de El Nueve, cárcel de La Victoria.
Leonidas, no Leónidas
Aunque en español el segundo nombre del déspota es palabra esdrújula (Leónidas), durante su dictadura en la República Dominicana se pronunció y escribió siempre como palabra llana (Leonidas). Como esta, muchas palabras de origen griego cuya pronunciación en su idioma original es llana se convirtieron en esdrújula al ser hispanizadas.
Apodos, forma de escritura
Según la Ortografía académica, los sobrenombres, apodos y alias se escriben en mayúscula y sin necesidad de cursivas o comillas (Chapita, Ramfis, Petán); si van precedidos de un artículo, este va en minúscula: el Jefe, el Benefactor, el Chivo…
Ajusticiamiento, pero también tiranicidio, magnicidio
Aun cuando por su definición el verbo ajusticiar se refiere concretamente a dar muerte ‘al reo condenado a ella’, se justifica el empleo metafórico del sustantivo ajusticiamiento para aludir a la muerte del tirano, como en el siguiente ejemplo: «Abinader crea comisión para conmemorar los 60 años del ajusticiamiento de Trujillo». No obstante, en este contexto son apropiados y más precisos los términos magnicidio y tiranicidio.
Títulos de libros, escritura correcta
Sobre el tirano y su era se han escrito infinidad de obras, por lo que conviene apuntar que en español los títulos de las obras de creación (libros, películas, cuadros, esculturas, piezas musicales…) se escriben en cursiva y con inicial mayúscula solo en la primera palabra y en los nombres propios, si el título incluye alguno: A la sombra de mi abuelo, El plan Trujillo, La era de Trujillo, La fiesta del Chivo, Trujillo. El tiranicidio de 1961.
10. Cargos y títulos honoríficos
Lo indicado es escribir con minúscula inicial, por su condición de nombres comunes, los sustantivos que designan títulos, dignidades y cargos o empleos de cualquier rango, tanto si se trata de usos genéricos como si se trata de menciones referidas a una persona concreta. De modo que así han de escribirse los múltiples títulos, honoríficos o no, que ostentó el dictador: generalísimo, doctor, benefactor de la patria, padre de la patria nueva, generalísimo invicto de los ejércitos dominicanos, restaurador de la independencia financiera del país, rector vitalicio de la Universidad de Santo Domingo (UASD), perínclito de San Cristóbal…
11. Trujillo y trujillo, también en minúscula
Cuando el nombre propio de una persona pasa a designar genéricamente a quienes poseen el rasgo más característico o destacable del original, se escribe en minúscula: «se le salió el trujillo que trae dentro», «ese es el trujillo de la escuela»…
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