Tokio, Japón, Febrero 2021.- El desarrollo y el lanzamiento comercial de nuevas alternativas, como cigarrillos electrónicos y dispositivos que calientan tabaco, están teniendo un importante impacto en la baja del consumo de cigarrillos combustibles, así como en el establecimiento de nuevas regulaciones. Uno de los ejemplos más contundentes respecto de ello es el caso de Japón.
De acuerdo con el informe más reciente de Frost & Sullivan sobre liderazgo intelectual, “Reducción de los daños causados por tabaco y productos nuevos de nicotina y tabaco: Evidencia del mercado japonés”, escrito en colaboración con Philip Morris International, entre 2015 y 2019 las ventas totales de cigarrillos en Japón cayeron en un 34%, lo que puede asociarse con la introducción al mercado de dispositivos electrónicos que calientan el tabaco, como IQOS, entre otros.
Asimismo, otras conclusiones del estudio revelan que:
- Las ventas de todos los demás productos de tabaco aceleraron su caída, una vez que estas nuevas alternativas estuvieron disponibles en este mercado.
- La disponibilidad de estos dispositivos ha tenido un impacto reducido en el inicio del uso de tabaco por parte de personas que nunca han fumado o en la reanudación por parte de antiguos fumadores.
- También es menos probable que los dispositivos electrónicos causen incendios a diferencia del cigarrillo combustible.
Reducción de daños en el mundo
Los datos del caso de Japón cobran relevancia al abrir el debate en torno al uso de estos productos como un componente de reducción de daños por tabaquismo. Este concepto es entendido como el conjunto de políticas y medidas que pretenden reducir el nivel de daño resultante de comportamientos y prácticas de riesgo.
La reducción de daños en el consumo de tabaco aborda una cuestión de enorme importancia. A nivel mundial, el tabaquismo es la principal causa evitable de mortalidad y morbilidad prematuras: más de 7 millones de personas mueren al año por una enfermedad relacionada con el tabaquismo. Según la Organización Mundial de la Salud 1.100 millones de personas fuman en todo el mundo, y se prevé que esta cifra no variará mucho hacia el 2025.
En el caso de Japón, el marco regulatorio de dispositivos electrónicos que calientan tabaco, se aparta cada vez más del que regula a los cigarrillos combustibles en términos de impuestos, advertencias sanitarias y restricciones al uso. En varios países, el uso este tipo de dispositivos es regulado y se considera como una alternativa adecuada para los fumadores que continuarán con el hábito. Por ejemplo, en el Reino Unido, la autoridad de Salud (Public Health England) recomienda que los fumadores de cigarrillos utilicen los dispositivos electrónicos para ayudarles a dejar de fumar, mientras que la Agencia de Promoción de la Salud de Nueva Zelanda ha adoptado un enfoque similar.
Por su parte, la Administración de Alimentos y Medicamentos de Estados Unidos (FDA), en julio de 2020, autorizó la comercialización de IQOS como un producto de tabaco de riesgo modificado (MRTP por sus siglas en inglés), considerando que es adecuado para promover la salud pública. En octubre pasado, este producto inició su comercialización en Costa Rica.
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