Caracas, Venezuela. Mayo 12, 2021.- Si los dos padres de un niño son asmáticos, el pequeño tiene una alta probabilidad de presentar esta enfermedad que padecen más de 339 millones de personas en el mundo, según estadísticas de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS).
El doctor Alejandro Cortéz, neumólogo de la clínica Grupo Médico Santa Paula (GMSP), ubicada en Caracas, explica que se trata de una enfermedad cuya característica clínica principal es la presencia de sibilancias o silbidos en el pecho, producto del estrechamiento de las vías aéreas.
Explica que el asma es generada, en la mayoría de casos, por un componente alérgico y puede ser controlada, aunque no se cura. Al referirse al tratamiento farmacológico, destaca que va de la mano con las medidas de prevención dirigidas a evitar la exposición a los factores que desencadenan el episodio asmático.
“Cuando es de origen alérgico, es una caja de pandora. Mientras un paciente asmático no se exponga a los diversos agentes físicos o ambientales llamados neumoalergenos, tales como el polen, diversas partículas de polvo, pelos de animales, ácaros y cigarro entre otros, es posible que tenga menos probabilidades de presentar episodios de exacerbaciones y que pueda tener una vida saludable.”
¡Cuidado! No confundas asma con otras enfermedades respiratorias
El especialista del GMSP señala que el asma es una enfermedad de las vías respiratorias que puede confundirse, sobre todo en la edad pediátrica, con otras patologías como la laringotraqueitis, cuerpos extraños en las vías respiratorias, la rinitis alérgica o infecciones virales. En adultos, suele confundirse con EPOC (enfermedad del fumador), y es por ello que debe hacerse un adecuado diagnóstico, a través de una historia clínica y complementar la evaluación funcional con una Espirometría.
Estudios para diagnosticar el asma
La Espirometría es el método de rutina más utilizado por los expertos para su diagnóstico, según detalla el doctor Cortéz. Para realizar este estudio se utiliza un dispositivo manual denominado Espirómetro, con el cual se mide la cantidad de aire que pueden movilizar los pulmones de una persona y la velocidad con la que inhala y las exhala durante un tiempo determinado. Estas mediciones generan patrones espirometricos.
En el paciente asmático no controlado, se genera el patrón obstructivo en grado variable que va desde leve a muy severo. Otra medida importante es el Pico Flujo (Peak Flow).
Tratamiento del asma
Detalla el doctor Cortéz que, el asma es una patología que se manifiesta como una obstrucción de las vías respiratorias, parcial o totalmente, reversible, que afecta a niños y adultos en grado variable. Cuando se realiza la espirometría, los valores varían de acuerdo a la edad, el peso y la talla del paciente y permite medir el patrón obstructivo que determinará el tratamiento a seguir, normalmente utilizando broncodilatadores, antiinflamatorios y controlando la exposición a los neumoalergenos que desencadenan esta enfermedad.
Asma en tiempos de Covid-19
Para el doctor Cortéz, en tiempos de Covid-19, el comportamiento de la enfermedad en el paciente asmático no es diferente al de una persona no asmática, sobre todo si está controlado. “Es necesario acatar las medidas de prevención para evitar el covid-19, distanciamiento social, uso de tapabocas y lavarse las manos con frecuencia para reducir contagio. En el caso del paciente asmático nunca debe dejar su tratamiento de control de asma aun teniendo Covid-19”
En la actualidad el equipo multidisciplinario del GMSP se encuentra desarrollando protocolos de rehabilitación post Covid-19 en el área de Neumonología en virtud de las secuelas relacionadas con problemas de respiración, que el experto sugiere tratar oportunamente, y en las que son importantes los estudios radiológicos, de laboratorio y las pruebas de funcionalismo pulmonar que se disponen en la Clínica Grupo Médico Santa Paula.
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