La pandemia de la Covid-19 tuvo un efecto negativo en áreas del desarrollo humano sostenible en todos los países de Centroamérica y República Dominicana, particularmente en materia económica y de bienestar social y con excepción del sector ambiental, según el Sexto Informe del Estado de la Región.
La región registró una severa contracción económica, principalmente en los servicios, uno de los sectores más dinámicos. Dicho impacto fue notorio en hoteles, restaurantes y la actividad vinculada directamente al alturismo. Además, se produjo una desaceleración interanual del crecimiento del Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) durante el segundo trimestre de 2020, que afectó más a Panamá (-38,4%) y menos a Nicaragua (-7,5%).
El investigador Alberto Mora Román coordinó el análisis de cinco investigaciones realizadas a nivel regional quedan cuenta de los impactos de la pandemia en el Istmo durante el 2020, y que, en el caso de algunas áreas, también cubrió los primeros meses del 2021.
“El Informe detalla las afectaciones de la pandemia en áreas como economía, empleo, bienestar social, educación, democracia y derechos humanos, migraciones, ambiente y, por supuesto, salud. La gran conclusión es que esta crisis evidenció y agudizó debilidades históricas de los países”, dice Mora Román.
Según el investigador, los impactos de la pandemia en materia de bienestar social son un efecto en cadena de la desaceleración económica, que tuvo profundas implicaciones en los mercados laborales.
Durante el 2020 se destruyeron cerca de 10 millones de empleos en la región, una disminución del 13,8% respecto de la cantidad de empleos registrada en 2019 y que afectó severamente los ingresos de las familias centroamericanas y dominicanas.
“La desaceleración económica ha significado un aumento generalizado del desempleo en nuestros países, llevando a las personas que antes de la pandemia estaban en situación vulnerable a una situación crítica. Esto ha provocado incrementos de la pobreza”, amplía Mora Román.
Según el Informe, todos los países de la región experimentaron un aumento en los niveles de pobreza el año pasado. El Salvador registró el mayor empeoramiento en esta materia, pasando de un 33,7% en 2019 aun 40,2%en2020.
La pobreza afectó, en el 2020, a la mitad de la población de Honduras (59%), Guatemala (51,6%) y Nicaragua (52,7%), mientras que en El Salvador afectó a un 40% y en Costa Rica, Panamá y República Dominicana, a alrededordel20%delapoblación.
En el caso de la pobreza extrema, con excepción de Costa Rica, Panamá y República Dominicana, en el resto de los paísesmásdel10%delapoblaciónestaba viviendo bajo esta condición, la cual implica, específicamente, una insuficiencia de ingresos para adquirir productos de la canasta básica.
“Para mitigar los impactos sociales de la pandemia, los gobiernos tomaron medidas que no en todos los países beneficiaron a las personas que más las necesitaron. La encuesta realizada a inicios de este año para este Informe detectó que mientras en El Salvador 9 de cada 10 personas manifiestan haber sido beneficiarias de esas medidas, 8 de cada 10 nicaragüenses y 7 de cada 10 hondureños aseguran no haber recibido ningún servicio o apoyo del gobierno. Además, llama la atención que en Honduras, Nicaragua y Guatemala la proporción de personas beneficiarias de las ayudas es mayor entre quienes manifiestan que les alcanzan los ingresos, o incluso, que tienen capacidad de ahorrar, que entre la población que manifestó peor situación socioeconómica”, añade el investigador.
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