La exitosa estrategia británica contra el fraude de alcoholes usa un sistema de estampillas fiscales para identificar los productos, explicó el experto Simon Vincent, del HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC), un procedimiento similar ha sido introducido en República Dominicana por la Dirección General de Impuestos Internos (DGII).
La estrategia británica incluye además la cooperación sistémica entre los servicios públicos involucrados en los procesos de control y se auxilia de datos de inteligencia acerca de la cadena de comercialización, explicó el experto.
Desde que en 2016 se aplica esa estrategia, la evasión de impuestos relacionada con alcoholes se redujo en el Reino Unido desde 1,600 millones de libras esterlinas anuales a 900 millones en 2018, una merma del 43%.
“El 95% de esos 900 millones es responsabilidad del crimen organizado. Son impuestos no percibidos por contrabando y desviación de productos en mercados de ultramar que son reingresados al Reino Unido” [ilícitamente], dijo.
Vincent, funcionario del servicio de Ingresos y Aduanas de Su Majestad (HRMC, por sus siglas en inglés -Majesty’s Revenue and Customs-) participó desde Londres en el “Foro sobre comercio ilícito de alcohol organizado por Asociación de Industrias de República Dominicana (AIRD).
El modelo británico de control fiscales aplica una estrategia diversa: por una parte, un control estricto sobre la cadena de producción y comercialización mediante el etiquetado con estampillas fiscales; promoción del cumplimiento voluntario; y sanciones severas civiles y penales, recuperando los activos financieros e inmobiliarios.
Al respecto, resaltó que desde 2007 se introdujo el etiquetado con estampillas fiscales sobre licores, identificando cada botella y señalando el impuesto en las etiquetas. También educando a consumidores, fabricantes, distribuidores y minoristas, explicitando “los riesgos del fraude para que entiendan lo que implica”.
Un sistema de trazabilidad fiscal similar al británico, que se vale del uso de estampillas de control que se aplica a las bebidas alcohólicas y los cigarrillos en los puntos de origen, es lo que usa la DGII para combatir el contrabando y la adulteración de productos en el país.
Inteligencia y cooperación interagencial
Vincent detalló que su respuesta estratégica para enfrentar al crimen organizado, el uso de negocios legales como camuflaje, el contrabando y su distribución en mercados minoristas, “se basa en la mejor inteligencia disponible acerca de lo que ocurre en el mercado”.
Enfatizó la importancia que tiene, para el éxito, la cooperación entre las instituciones que lidian con el problema, con “un enfoque que cubra toda la cadena de suministro”. “Todas estas cosas no se pueden hacer solos, tienen que ser en conjunto, ejercer constante presión creando respuestas estratégicas porque un solo aspecto no lo va a mitigar”.
Persecución del comercio ilícito en RD
Yorlin Vásquez, subdirectora jurídica de la Dirección General de Impuestos Internos (DGII), hizo una detallada explicación acerca de las capacidades de fiscalización del sistema TRAFICO, al cual describió como “nuestro gran proyecto de trazabilidad integral”, destinado al control fiscal de las industrias de alcoholes y de cigarrillos con el uso de modernos sistemas informáticos.
Es legalmente imposible operar alcoholes si no se dispone de una licencia para ello. Los controles permiten saber cuánto hay almacenado en las destilerías, en cada almacén de envejecimiento y en cada barrica, de modo que cuando el alcohol es embotellado, comienza a operar TRAFICO realizando marcación en cada envase con mecanismos de autenticidad, validación y activación. Cuando el producto sale al mercado, la trazabilidad posibilita saber a quién le vende el fabricante, combinando esa información con la facturación electrónica.
“¿Cómo fiscalizamos? Mediante la aplicación “Revísame”, el consumidor puede ser el gran fiscalizador; pero también podemos hacerlo desde las declaraciones en la cadena de comercialización, porque la subvaluación entre una y otra envía una alerta; y mediante el mecanismo de validación que tienen las etiquetas”, detalló.
En la actual coyuntura de adulteraciones, falsificaciones y envenenamiento, el uso intensivo de TRAFICO por consumidores y fiscalizadores, es determinante para detener la cadena de cientos de muertes en la República Dominicana.
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